A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances, Architectures, Applications, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions in Internet of Things

Authors

  • Ammar Thabit Zahary Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Sana’a University, Sana'a, Yemen , Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen
  • Elham Ali Shammar Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Sana’a University, Sana'a, Yemen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59222/ustjet.4.1.1

Keywords:

Internet of Things, IoT, IoT advances, IoT architecture, IoT technologies, IoT applications

Abstract

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant popularity and has become a fundamental part of our world. Nowadays, IoT applications are more frequent than we think; the number of IoT devices is exponentially increasing. Many significant studies and research investigations were introduced to improve technology using IoT. However, for researchers who have a lack of holistic technical knowledge and recent advances of IoT, numerous topics and issues related to advances of IoT must be addressed from a before IoT can fully realize its potential, such as IoT architecture, components including hardware, operating systems (OSs), communication technologies, protocols, and applications. This paper conducts a holistic review of recent advances, visions, evolution, architectures, Components (hardware, middleware, and OSs), and applications of IoT. In addition, the paper investigates the recent challenges, open issues, and future research of IoT technologies. This paper assists researchers in understanding the key advances with a technical depth of the Internet of Things and the recent applications in the real world. The paper identifies IoT priority challenges and open issues, providing a guide for those leading IoT initiatives and revealing opportunities for future IoT research.

References

[1] M. Stoyanova, Y. Nikoloudakis, S. Panagiotakis, E. Pallis, and E. K. Markakis, “A Survey on the Internet of Things (IoT) Forensics: Challenges, Approaches, and Open Issues,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1191–1221, 2020, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2019.2962586.

[2] E. A. Shammar, A. T. Zahary, and A. A. Al-Shargabi, “A Survey of IoT and Blockchain Integration: Security Perspective,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 156114–156150, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129697.

[3] D. Zhang, L. T. Yang and H. Huang, "Searching in Internet of Things: Vision and Challenges," 2011 IEEE Ninth International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, Busan, Korea (South), 2011, pp. 201-206, doi: 10.1109/ISPA.2011.53.

[4] K. Barboutov et al., “Ericsson Mobility Report,” Jun. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ericsson.com/49de56/assets/local/reports-papers/mobility-report/documents/2017/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2017.pdf

[5] E. A. Shammar and A. T. Zahary, “The Internet of Things (IoT): a survey of techniques, operating systems, and trends,” Library Hi Tech, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 5–66, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1108/LHT-12-2018-0200.

[6] S. Dange and M. Chatterjee, “IoT Botnet: The Largest Threat to the IoT Network,” in Data Communication and Networks, vol. 1049, Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 137–157. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0132-6_10

[7] R. Ahmad and I. Alsmadi, “Machine learning approaches to IoT security: A systematic literature review,” Internet of Things, vol. 14, p. 100365, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2021.100365.

[8] A. Khanna and S. Kaur, “Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review,” Wireless Pers Commun, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 1687–1762, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11277-020-07446-4.

[9] R. Khan, S. U. Khan, R. Zaheer, and S. Khan, “Future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges,” in Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), 2012 10th International Conference on, 2012, pp. 257–260.

[10] S. Chen, H. Xu, D. Liu, B. Hu, and H. Wang, “A vision of IoT: Applications, challenges, and opportunities with china perspective,” IEEE Internet of Things journal, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 349–359, 2014.

[11] P. Goyal, A. K. Sahoo, and T. K. Sharma, “Internet of things: Architecture and enabling technologies,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 34, pp. 719–735, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.678.

[12] M. Zhang, F. Sun, and X. Cheng, “Architecture of Internet of Things and its key technology integration based on RFID”, in Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID), 2012 Fifth International Symposium on, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 294–297.

[13] Z. Yang, Y. Yue, Y. Yang, Y. Peng, X. Wang, and W. Liu, “Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for IOT,” in Multimedia Technology (ICMT), 2011 International Conference on, 2011, pp. 747–751.

[14] N. Niknejad, W. Ismail, I. Ghani, B. Nazari, M. Bahari, and A. R. B. C. Hussin, “Understanding Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): A systematic literature review and directions for further investigation,” Information Systems, vol. 91, p. 101491, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.is.2020.101491.

[15] S. K. Mishra and A. Sarkar, “Service-oriented architecture for Internet of Things: A semantic approach,” Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.09.024.

[16] A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash, “Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376, 2015.

[17] M. Aazam, I. Khan, A. A. Alsaffar, and E.-N. Huh, “Cloud of Things: Integrating Internet of Things and cloud computing and the issues involved,” in Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2014 11th International Bhurban Conference on, 2014, pp. 414–419.

[18] C. Sarkar, S. A. U. Nambi, R. V. Prasad, and A. Rahim, “A scalable distributed architecture towards unifying IoT applications,” in Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on, 2014, pp. 508–513.

[19] J. H. Nord, A. Koohang, and J. Paliszkiewicz, “The Internet of Things: Review and theoretical framework,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 133, pp. 97–108, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.05.014.

[20] M. L. Hamzah, Y. Desnelita, A. A. Purwati, E. Rusilawati, R. Kasman, and F. Rizal, “A review of near field communication technology in several areas,” Revista ESPACIOS, vol. 40, no. 32, Sep. 2019, Accessed: Mar. 23, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://www.revistaespacios.com/a19v40n32/19403219.html

[21] O. Elijah, T. A. Rahman, I. Orikumhi, C. Y. Leow, and M. N. Hindia, “An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenges,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 3758–3773, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2844296.

[22] Y. B. Zikria, S. W. Kim, O. Hahm, M. K. Afzal, and M. Y. Aalsalem, “Internet of Things (IoT) Operating Systems Management: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solution,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 8, Art. no. 8, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19081793.

[23] I. Alam et al., “A Survey of Network Virtualization Techniques for Internet of Things Using SDN and NFV,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 53, no. 2, p. 35:1-35:40, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1145/3379444.

[24] Y. A. Qadri, A. Nauman, Y. B. Zikria, A. V. Vasilakos, and S. W. Kim, “The Future of Healthcare Internet of Things: A Survey of Emerging Technologies,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1121–1167, 2020, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2020.2973314.

[25] W. A. N. A. Al-Nbhany, A. T. Zahary and A. A. Al-Shargabi, Blockchain-IoT Healthcare Applications and Trends: A Review, in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 4178-4212, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3349187.

[26] M. A. M. Sadeeq and S. Zeebaree, “Energy Management for Internet of Things via Distributed Systems,” Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends, vol. 2, no. 02, Art. no. 02, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.38094/jastt20285.

[27] T. Syy, M. S, and M. F, “Internet of things (IoT) applications for elderly care: a reflective review,” Aging clinical and experimental research, vol. 33, no. 4, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01545-9.

[28] M. Nasajpour, S. Pouriyeh, R. M. Parizi, M. Dorodchi, M. Valero, and H. R. Arabnia, “Internet of Things for Current COVID-19 and Future Pandemics: an Exploratory Study,” J Healthc Inform Res, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 325–364, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s41666-020-00080-6.

[29] R. P. Singh, M. Javaid, A. Haleem, and R. Suman, “Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 pandemic,” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 521–524, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.041.

[30] A. Villa-Henriksen, G. T. C. Edwards, L. A. Pesonen, O. Green, and C. A. G. Sørensen, “Internet of Things in arable farming: Implementation, applications, challenges and potential,” Biosystems Engineering, vol. 191, pp. 60–84, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.12.013.

[31] R. Gómez-Chabla, K. Real-Avilés, C. Morán, P. Grijalva, and T. Recalde, “IoT Applications in Agriculture: A Systematic Literature Review,” in ICT for Agriculture and Environment, Cham, 2019, pp. 68–76. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10728-4_8.

[32] G. Lampropoulos, K. Siakas, and T. Anastasiadis, “Internet of Things In The Context Of Industry 4.0: An Overview,” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4–19, 2019.

[33] E. Sisinni, A. Saifullah, S. Han, U. Jennehag, and M. Gidlund, “Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 4724–4734, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TII.2018.2852491.

[34] S. Elhadi, A. Marzak, N. Sael, and S. Merzouk, “Comparative study of IoT protocols,” Smart Application and Data Analysis for Smart Cities (SADASC’18), 2018.

[35] S. Kumar, P. Tiwari, and M. Zymbler, “Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review,” Journal of Big Data, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 111, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s40537-019-0268-2.

[36] I. S. Udoh and G. Kotonya, “Developing IoT applications: challenges and frameworks,” IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 65–72, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1049/iet-cps.2017.0068.

[37] MN Ali, AT Zahary, MA Areqi, IP and ICN Networking in D2D_IoT Communications: A Comparative Study, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024), https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v2i2.940.

[38] D. E. Kouicem, A. Bouabdallah, and H. Lakhlef, “Internet of things security: A top-down survey,” Computer Networks, vol. 141, p. 199, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2018.03.012.

[39] EA Shammar, AT Zahary, AA Al-Shargabi, An attribute‐based access control model for Internet of Things using hyperledger fabric blockchain, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6926408.

[40] Nagajayanthi, B. Decades of Internet of Things Towards Twenty-first Century: A Research-Based Introspective. Wireless Pers Commun 123, 3661–3697 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09308-z

[41] M. A. Areqi, A. T. Zahary and M. N. Ali, "State-of-the-Art Device-to-Device Communication Solutions," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 46734-46764, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3275915.

[42] A. A. Baktayan, A. Thabit Zahary and I. Ahmed Al-Baltah, "A Systematic Mapping Study of UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing for Task Offloading," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 101936-101970, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3431922.

[43] Leonardo B. Furstenau, Yan Pablo Reckziegel Rodrigues, Michele Kremer Sott, Pedro Leivas, Michael S. Dohan, José Ricardo López-Robles, Manuel J. Cobo, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, Internet of Things: Conceptual network structure, main challenges and future directions, Digital Communications and Networks, Volume 9, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 677-687, ISSN 2352-8648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2022.04.027.

[44] Al-Matari, N.Y., Zahary, A.T. & A. Al-Shargabi, A. A survey on advancements in blockchain-enabled spectrum access security for 6G cognitive radio IoT networks. Sci Rep 14, 30990 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82126-y.

[45] M. Alabadi, A. Habbal and X. Wei, "Industrial Internet of Things: Requirements, Architecture, Challenges, and Future Research Directions," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 66374-66400, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3185049.

[46] Baktayan, A.A., Zahary, A.T., Sikora, A. et al. Computational offloading into UAV swarm networks: a systematic literature review. J Wireless Com Network 2024, 69 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-024-02401-4.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-24

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

[1]
A. T. Zahary and E. A. Shammar, “A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances, Architectures, Applications, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions in Internet of Things”, UST J Eng Tech, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–36, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.59222/ustjet.4.1.1.

Similar Articles

11-20 of 25

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.